Contemporary literature suggests that effective team working is Essay

Contemporary literature suggests that effective team working is essential for group efficiency and performance. By evaluating t - Essay Example How teams manage conflict and diversity can also improve decision-making, and consequently, innovation and team performance (Lira et al. 2008; Kauffeld & Meyers 2009). Furthermore, contemporary literature proposes that effective team working is essential for group efficiency and performance. Numerous arguments have been made to describe and explain team effectiveness. For instance, both sociotechnical theory (Pasmore 1988 qtd. in Delarue et al. 2008, p.27) and work design theory (Hackman & Oldham 1976 qtd. in Delarue et al. 2008, p.27) focuses on the design of the group’s task and its relationship to positive results; self-leadership theory has determined that supervisory behaviours help self-managing teams attain success (Manz and Sims 1987 qtd. in Delarue et al. 2008, p.127); and theories of participative management assert that some factors of the organisational context lead to team effectiveness (Huber & Lewis 2010; Jehn et al. 2010). However, theoretical arguments about gr oup effectiveness and group efficiency are not adequate. There should be additional studies on how they can be achieved and preserved. By evaluating this contemporary literature, how can this ‘group efficiency’ and ‘group performance’ be gained and subsequently maintained?† This paper examines the strategies and factors that can achieve and maintain ‘group efficiency’ and ‘group performance.’ Group efficiency Group efficiency refers to the efficiency in attaining group goals (Delarue et al. 2008, p.129). Also, for this paper, although groups and teams can be conceptually different, wherein groups are not always considered as teams, teams and groups will be used interchangeably. Groups will refer to teams also that are made to attain team objectives that can differ according to organisational needs or strategies. Findings showed that factors affecting group efficiency also impact group performance (Delarue et al. 2008; Liu & B att 2010). This research discusses these factors leading to group efficiency separately, but they can also directly or indirectly impact group performance. By indirect relationship, this suggests how certain factors can mediate team performance, such as what Human resource management (HRM) practices can do in influencing group efficiency and group performance (Chuang & Liao 2010; Tsai et al. 2010). Leadership and management Supervisors, acting as organisational leaders, can impact group efficiency and group performance. HR literature has determined three dimensions of the HR system that develop performance: investment in training, work designed to permit employees to interact and develop their skills and problem-solving abilities, and incentives to inspire effort (Chuang & Liao 2010; Tsai et al. 2010; Liu & Batt 2010). Liu and Batt (2010) examined the role of supervisors in enhancing employee performance through employing coaching and group management practices. It studies also the individual and synergistic impacts of these management practices. The research subjects consist of call centre agents in highly standardised jobs, and the organizational context apply to that which calls, or task

Business Proposal - Center Parcs UK - Market Anaylsis Essay

Business Proposal - Center Parcs UK - Market Anaylsis - Essay Example Reference can be made, for example, to the status of organic food market in UK, as compared with the relevant markets of Germany and France, for the years from 2006 to 2009 (Figure 1 below). Figure 1 – Organic food market in UK, from 2006 to 2009 (Padel 2011, p.4) In a report published in 2012 it is explained that organic food industry in UK has been reduced by an average percentage of 5.5% for the years from 2008 to 2013 (IBIS World 2012). It is also noted that among the supermarkets that provide to the public organic food, John Lewis has the first position and Sainsbury’s is positioned as second (IBIS World 2012). At this point, it should be noted that the global organic food industry has achieved a significant growth in the international market; in 2010, the growth of the organic food industry internationally has reached a percentage of 8.8% (Soil Association 2012), in opposition with UK where the specific sector shows signs of continuous decline, as described above. 1.2. Competitor analysis Organic food market in UK is promoted through businesses of different types. ... ce should be made here to the potential of consumers to buy organic foods of various types in street markets, in those regions that such option is available. Figure 3 – Organic food market structure in UK (Source Organic Monitor 2009, p.18) On the other hand, it seems that the competition in the particular industry is rather strong; still, there is chance for new entrants. The major competitors in the UK organic food industry are presented in Figure 4, below. It is clear that there is space for new entrants, especially in regard to the indirect provision of organic food, as in the case of CenterParcs, a firm that aims to develop an organic food restaurant. Figure 4 – Major competitors in the UK organic food industry (Organic Monitor 2009, p.19) 1.3. Consumers 1.3.1. Consumer behaviour The support of consumers in UK towards the organic food market seems to be rather instable. In 2008, as recession appeared, the sales of organic food started to decline (The Guardian 2008, in Padel 2011, p.6). In an extended survey published in the newspaper The Times one year after, i.e. in 2009, a similar trend was reported (Padel 2011, p.6). It was clear, up to then, that consumers in UK had started to re-examine the necessity and the value of organic food (Padel 2011, p.6). It should be noted though that for consumers the origin of organic food seems to be of critical importance; in a survey developed in 2009, 64% of participants stated that they prefer ‘organic products produced locally’ (Padel 2011, p.11), compared to those originated from another country. According to the above findings, skepticism has been developed by consumers in the UK market in regard to organic food products. The firm that will manage to capture the actual consumer preferences in regard to consumer

Energy Crisis and Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Energy Crisis and Pakistan Essay There has been an enormous increase in the demand of energy in Pakistan as a result of industrial development and population growth, as compared to increase in energy production. The number of energy consumers has increased to 12.5 million: household 46 per cent, industry 28 per cent, agriculture 12 per cent, bulk supply nine per cent and commercial five per cent. For faster economic growth, Pakistan need more generation. Supply of energy is, therefore, far less than actual demand, resultantly crisis has emerged. An energy crisis can be defined as any great bottleneck (or price rise) in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Pakistan’s energy infrastructure is not well developed, rather it is considered to be underdeveloped and poorly managed. Rapid demand growth, transmission losses due to out-dated infrastructure, power theft, and seasonal reductions in the availability of hydropower have worsened the situation. Consequently, the demand exceeds supply and hence load shedding is a common phenomenon in all cities. Energy crisis in Pakistan started in 2007 and in 2008 it took a serious turn. During 2009-10, energy supply and per capita availability of energy witnessed a decline of 0.64 per cent and 3.09 per cent respectively in comparison to previous year. Pakistan needs around 15,000 to 20,000 MW electricity per day, however, currently it is producing about 11,500 MW per day hence there is a shortfall of about 4000 to 9000 MW per day. The power companies, circular debt is a big issue which has risen to 230 billion. Line losses, mainly theft, lone contributed Rs.125 billion to circular debt. It is better for the government to focus on curtailing power theft. Mere power tariff raise could not revive the power sector, as numerous hikes in the past have not resolved the chronic problems of circular debt and power theft. Pakistan’s energy consumption is met by mix of gas, oil, electricity, coal and LPG sources with different level of shares. Share of gas consumptions stood at 43.7 per cent, followed by oil 29.0 per cent, electricity 15.3 per cent, coal 10.4 per cent and LPG 1.5 per cent. Guddu plant is largest thermal operated plant with a capacity of 1,650 MW, while two largest Independent Power Plants (IPPs) are: Kot Addu (1,600 MW) and Hubb river (1,300 MW). In 1994 during the Benazir’s government the IPs projects were bitterly opposed, blaming the government of taking commissions in these projects. However, no one had any idea how to solve the electricity problems. The situation went complicated when the civil-military bureaucracy didn’t allow Nawaz government to export surplus power to India because trading with the enemy on the basis of Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status was not acceptable to them. Now the circumstances have changed and we are ready to import electricity from India by granting them the same MFN status. Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Pakistan is having rich resources of energy in hydel power; however, only 34 per cent of total electricity generation is coming from this power. Currently we are having 6555 MW against the potential of 41000 t0 45000 MW. Current hydropower stations are: Tarbella Dam: 3,478 MW; Ghazi Barotha: 1,450 MW; Mangla 1,000 MW; Warsak 240 MW and Chashma 184 MW. Potential hydropower stations are: Diamer-Basha Dam 4,500 Mw; Munda Dam-Swat River in Mohmand Agency 740 MW; Kalabagh Dam 2400-3600 MW; Bunji Dam 5400MW and Dasu Dam 3800 MW. Alternative sources of energy: Wind power harnesses the power of the wind to propel the blades of wind turbines. These turbines cause the rotation of magnets, which create electricity. Though Pakistan has potentials of wind energy ranging from 10000 Mw to 50000 Mw, yet power generation through wind is at the initial stages and currently 06 Mw has been installed in first phase in Jhimpir through a Turkish company and 50 MW will be installed shortly. More wind power plants will be built in Jhimpir, Gharo, Keti Bandar and Bin Qasim Karachi. Solar power involves using solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity, using sunlight hitting solar thermal panels to convert sunlight to heat water or air. Pakistan has the potential of more than 100,000 Mw from solar energy. Building of solar power plants is underway in Azad Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan. However, private vendors are importing panels/solar water heaters for consumption in the market. Alternative energy Development Board (AEDB) is working for 20,000 solar water heaters in Gilgit Baltistan. Mobile companies have been asked by the government is shift supply of energy to their transmission towers from petroleum to solar energy panels. Biomass production involves using garbage or other renewable resources such as sugarcane, corn or other vegetation to generate electricity. When garbage decomposes, methane is produced and captured in pipes and later burned to produce electricity. Vegetation and wood can be burned directly to generate energy, like fossil fuels, or processed to form alcohols. Brazil has one of the largest renewable energy programmes from biomass/biodiesel in the world, followed by the US. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) of Pakistan has planned to generate 10MW of electricity from municipal waste in Karachi followed by similar projects in 20 other cities. Nuclear power stations use nuclear fission reaction to generate energy by the reaction of uranium inside a nuclear reactor. Pakistan has a small nuclear power programme, with 425 MW capacity, but there are plans to increase this capacity substantially. Since Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), it is excluded from trade in nuclear plant or material which hinders its development of civil nuclear energy. Remaining issue in development of nuclear energy are enrichment of uranium from U235 to U238, controlling chain reaction and dumping of solid waste. Pakistan has had wider potentials to tap energy, however, due to lack of any integrated/proactive planning, very less number of power producing plant were installed to meet demand. Resultantly, over the years, the gap between energy demand and supply drastically grew and now against demand of 20000 Mw, we are having around 115000 MW. Energy mix in Pakistan is quite imbalance in comparison to other countries, with greater reliance on non-renewable resources of gas (43.7 per cent) and oil (29 per cent majority of which is imported). Prices of petroleum products/crude oil fluctuate and in current Afro-Arab political crisis, the oil prices are likely to increase manifold affecting oil prices in Pakistan. A rational energy mix planning ought to be developed giving greater dependency to renewable (hydel power), indigenous (coal) and alternative energy resources (wind and solar energy). Coal: Pakistan is having one of the largest coal fields in Thar, having reserves of more than 175 billion tonnes, which exceeds equivalent oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. In addition to power generation, this coal can be used for chemical and fertilizer production. Moreover, employment provided to workforce can be instrumental in increasing GDP and economic prosperity to many families. This is a positive sign that our renowned scientist, Dr, Samar Mubarakmand, has been working on the project to produce electricity from coal. Pakistan has potential of hydro resources to generate 41000 to 45000 MW; however, only 6555 MW is currently being generated by this important renewable resource. Four large hydropower dams namely Kalabagh 3600 MW, Bhasha 4500 Mw, Bunji 5400 and Dasu 3800 MW can be constructed to generate hydroelectricity. Similarly, many small to medium hydro plants can be installed on rivers and canals, etc. Energy is pivotal for running all other resources and crisis of energy directly influences all other sectors of the economy. The economic progress is hampered by decline in agricultural productivity as well as by halting in operations of industries. One important factor of lower GDP and inflation of commodity prices in recent years is attributed to shortfalls in energy supply. Social issue: this factor is primarily related to the domestic usage of energy (cooking, heating, and water provision). Load shedding cause unrest and frustration amongst the people and results in agitation against the government. Decline in economic growth, lower agricultural productivity, unemployment and shackling industrial growth result in increasing poverty. Currently, around 40 per cent of our population is living below the poverty line and this ratio is increasing day by day. Ample control of energy crisis will surely yield in curbing this menace. Conclusion: energy crisis has, more or less, plagued all sectors ranging from economy to industry, agriculture to social life, inflation to poverty and it is hampering national progress in a drastic manner. Nonetheless, the menace of energy crisis can be controlled by the government through making effective policies and its proactive implementation. Simultaneously, it is the responsibility of all Pakistanis, to utilise the available energy astutely and play our due role in the progress of our country. Following measures will be helpful in fighting the menace of energy crisis.

Trends In Matrimonial Advertisements Media Essay

Trends In Matrimonial Advertisements Media Essay Society comprises of group of people residing together with different wants, needs, demands but common interest. Society consists of different region religion to come together and share their experiences, problems, happiness sorrows. How to react in society, one learns from his/her family. We have family members who teach and instruct us how to behave in the society. From where this society begins? It begins from home. Marriage (also called matrimony or wedlock) is a social union or legal contract between people called spouse that establishes rights and obligations between the spouses, between the spouses and their children, and between the spouses and their in-laws. The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged. Show me a man or a woman alone and Ill show you a saint. Give me two and theyll fall in love. Give me three and theyll invent the charming thing we call society. Give me four and theyll build a pyramid. Give me five and theyll make one an outcast. Give me six and theyll reinvent prejudice. Give me seven and in seven years theyll reinvent warfare. Man may have been made in the image of God, but human society was made in the image of His opposite number, and is always trying to get back home. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Stephen King, The Stand. The marriages planned in heaven but commence on earth. Nowadays the various consultancy, bureaus, print media, new media etc. are striving their best in helping the bachelors to find their suitable match. Print media comprises of newspapers, magazines, journals, books, direct mail, etc. Advertisement carried by print media is known as print advertisements. The newspaper being a vehicle delivers messages along with news, views, entertainment, columns etc. The large group of readers get interest in advertising content published in the newspapers which varies from person to person. A newspaper is typically either a daily or weekly publication that is regarded, with some exceptions, as a local advertising medium. Newspapers normally selects their news, features and editorial subjects with an eye to the wants and needs of people with in a particular community. Newspaper advertising can be classified as follows: Classified advertisements Classified display advertisements Display advertisements Insertials etc. Classified advertisements: As the name implies, classified advertisements are placed under a specific heading called classified. They are dull and dark form of advertising with no matter of display. These are very cluttered and cheap in rates. It is the reader who put an eye of his interest. Example: wanted ads, sale purchase ads, to-let ads, matrimonial ads etc. Classified display advertisements: In these type of advertisements a little matter of display is added to make the advertisement stand individually from the cluttered classified advertisements. In this advertisement display involves borders, larger types, white space and illustrations are added. Example: tender notice, government notices, legal notices etc. Display advertisements: such type of advertisements are attractive and eye pleasant element of newspaper. It is placed on news pages. It work as a crown for front page. It carries glamour pictures, multicolor, illustrations which please the eyes of the reader to go through. They are costly and generate huge revenue for newspapers. Examples: commercial advertisements of goods and services. Insertials: insertials means are those advertisements which are inserted in newspapers. They also carry messages in the form of advertisements. Examples: pamphlets, leaflets etc. Matrimonial advertisements fall under the category of classified advertisements. The following picture shows that matrimonial advertisements placed in one of the leading newspaper known as The Tribune But nowadays we have hybrid style of matrimonial classified advertisements. The following picture shows the matrimonial advertisements placed in one of the leading newspaper known as The Times of India. Review of Literature:    R.S Pathak stated in  Matrimonial Advertisements in India: A Sociolinguistic Profile (june,2005) The interrelationship between language and society, through highly complex, looms large over the present-day sociolinguistic deliberations. Language, as K.L. Pike (1960:293) says, holds the key to social nucleation. The relationship  between them is twofold functional and existential. It presupposes correlations between linguistic and social phenomena. As Hymes (1961) puts it, we look simultaneously at language in social matrix and at society in its linguistic medium. Language is the most effective communication system to signal social reality or culture (Halliday 1978:2) and is characterized by its highly organized system of human communication. It is, in fact, a system of  systems, which aims at communicating methods effectively. The social environment can get neatly reflected in language, as is evident from kinship vocabulary, for example, the values of society can also have a noticeable effect on its language. Any in-depth language use in social context would unfold the way society matrimonial advertisements (ads, for short) explicitly reveal the functioning of what Halliday (1967:26) calls the linguistics of social roles. Indian English reveals a repertoire of socially and culturally determined language functions. The repertoire of styles and register found in such functions of language reflect a social context within which innovations are meaningfully attempted. As Leech (1996) suggests, It is certainly desirable that we should cultivate an objective and critical awareness of the linguistic transactions into which we enter day by day, either as initiators or passive recipients. This approach finds an event more forceful advocate in Halliday(1973:365), who maintains:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. We are interested in how people use language and in how language varies according to use. Behind this lies a concern with nature of languages itself: once we interpret the notion uses of language in sufficiently abstracted terms we find that it gives us insight into the w ay language is learnt and, through that, into the internal organizations of the language, why language is as it is. Behind this again is a still deeper focus on the society and the transmission of culture; for when we interpret language in these terms, we may cast some light on the baffling problems of how it is that most ordinary uses of language, in the most everyday situations, so effectively transmit the social structure, the values, the  systems of knowledge, [and] all the deepest and most pervasive patterns of the culture. With a functional perspective on language, we can begin appreciate how this is done. Ulrike Wanitzek and Frauz Twaib stated in Presentation of claims in matrimonial proceedings in Tanzania (1996) As a system deals with social ordering , the law is very much a function of words i.e. of language. Language is one of the most effective way of communicating. Marriage proceedings are regulated by the law of marriage act, 1971. A matrimonial proceeding is any mat ter touching upon a marriage relationship which is brought to court by way of a petition for decision for declaratory decree, annulment of marriage, separation or divorce or a chamber application for maintenance, custody of children, division of matrimonial property or other matrimonial relief. Hence, one sees within the law of marriage act concepts which are based on the common law, Islamic law the customary laws of the various ethnic group in the country. Objectives: The broad objective of the study is to know about the latest trends in matrimonial advertisements. The specific objectives are: What is total coverage of matrimonial advertisements in newspaper? Whether sms (short message service) language is used in advertisements? What type of appeal are made in it? What type of looks of advertisement is preferred? Research methodology: The researcher employed census method for data collection. The census method is quantitative approach. Here content analysis is used as a tool of data collection. Content analysis is a method of studying and analyzing the communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner for the purpose of measuring variables. Reference period: The reference period for the study is the month of November December2012. In this period, Sunday of every week was considered for matrimonial advertisement as they appears only on Sundays of The Tribune and The Times of India. Sample selection: The sample selected for the study is the 18 newspaper of The Tribune The Times of India. The advertisements appear on Sunday of every week. In the month of November (4, 11, 18, and 25) in December (2, 9, 16, 23, and 30). This sampling is stratification by week of the month and by day of week. (Wimmer Dominick, 2012) Hypotheses: The hypothetical view of the researcher is that there is a shift in trends from classified matrimonial advertisements to hybrid classified matrimonial advertisements. Finding and discussions: The following table carries the interpretation of data which states that:

Myths in Tom Robbins’s Another Roadside Attraction :: Another Roadside Attraction

Questioning Myths in Tom Robbins’s Another Roadside Attraction Tom Robbins’s controversial first novel, Another Roadside Attraction, epitomizes the declination of religious devotion, especially Catholicism, in America during the 1960s. Influences on Robbins while conceiving this novel include the early history of Christianity, eastern religion, and author Joseph Campbell. Campbell is famous for his massive and detailed comparisons of Western and Eastern spirituality, myth, and belief. Additionally, the experimentation with psychedelic drugs such as LSD and psilocybin mushrooms led Robbins to new perspectives and mind expansion and consequently to question the validity of Christianity and the divinity of Jesus Christ. Robbins was intrigued by the extent to which Western Civilization—from its cultural myths to individual behavior—was predicted on the divinity of Christ. He wanted to explore questions and possible answers about what would happen if American Christians learned conclusively that Christ was not divine; questions s uch as, "What would this say about Western Civilization, about the future of Western Civilization? Could we continue to lead moral and ethical lives if Christ was proved to have died and stayed dead?" (Whitmer 245). This premise, conceived while writing art reviews for the Seattle Times, led Robbins to speculate about the consequences of world religion if the corpse of Jesus Christ was unearthed. When he approached Luther Nichols, west coast editor of Doubleday Books in 1968 with the concept for Another Roadside Attraction, Nichols bought the idea and Robbins was off and running on his first piece of fiction (Hoyser 9-12). While Robbins’s work was at first ill received, by the mid-1970s the public had started to warm up to this quirky and thought provoking writer. Even today, his work invites inquiry about what prompted him to write this controversial novel. That is, who and what influenced this line of thought? What was happening in America and with Christianity during the period, in which he wrote and researched this piece of fiction? And, finally, why did he write in this sporadic, nonlinear fashion, inserting seemingly non-related details and encrypting an official report within the structure of a novel? And how does this relate to the influences mentioned above? All of these questions and more offer themselves up from the pages of this funny and whimsical, yet philosophical and wise novel, Another Roadside Attraction. Robbins began penning his first novel in 1968 while working for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Before that he held many journalistic jobs and had a varied and colorful education.

Mans Best Friend :: Literary Analysis, Pam Houston

Man’s Best Friend The character in â€Å"A Blizzard under Blue Sky,† by author Pam Houston is clinically depressed, and desires to go winter camping it hopes to gain some relief from her daily stresses. The character views nature as something that is good for a person, and is somewhat rejuvenating. â€Å" One of the things I love most about the natural world is the way it gives you what’s good for you even if you don’t know it at the time†(284). The character in â€Å"To Build a Fire† by author Jack London, is somewhat numb as far as emotions are concerned. â€Å"Fifty degrees below zero meant eighty-odd degrees of frost. Such fact impressed him as being cold and uncomfortable, and that was all† (295). His only hope and desire, is to get back to camp, where the â€Å"boys† are. The character in â€Å"A Blizzard under Blue Sky† decides to go camping and takes Jackson and Hailey with her, her two best friends. Jackson is an oversized male dog and Hailey is a female. The character proudly goes into detail about each of her dog’s personalities. She speaks of her dogs as companions, and she converses with them. â€Å"It’s fabulous here†, I told the dogs. â€Å"But so far it’s not working† (285). â€Å"Come on Mom†, Jackson said. â€Å"Ski harder, go faster, climb higher† (285). The character also shares her sleeping bag with her dog Haley, so that she can stay warm too. On the other hand, the character in â€Å"To Build a Fire† has a dog as well; it is a large native husky. The character is this story does not pay as much attention to his dog. â€Å"The dog dropped in again at his heels, with a tail drooping discouragement, as the man swung along the creek bed† (296). The character also sends his dog in ahead of him, when he senses danger. â€Å"The dog did Nevitt 2 not want to go† (297). In addition, he tries to kill the dog near the end in hopes keep warm. â€Å"He would kill the dog and bury his hands in the warm body until the numbness went out of them† (302). Both characters do have some similarities however, because both characters are warned, about the extremely cold weather conditions. The character in â€Å"To Build a Fire† is warned by a man in Sulphur Creek. â€Å"That man from Sulphur Creek had spoken the truth when telling how cold it sometimes got in the country.

Chemistry Sodium Thiosulpahte :: essays research papers

Introduction Over the next few weeks I will be doing several attempts of the same experiment that involves the reaction of sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, I will be closely watching the reaction and how long in takes for the reactants to react. As yet I have not decided which of the several variables I will be changing. I also aim to take results of the reaction down onto a table, which then will be transferred onto a line graph, which will show us the nature of the reaction. Variables There are five factors which affect the rate of a reaction, according to the collision theory: temperature, concentration (of solution), pressure (in gases), surface are (of solid reactants), and catalysts. I have chosen to investigate the effect of temperature on the reactants. Aim To see the effects of a change in temperature and concentration we affect the rate of the reaction. The reaction that will be used is: Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric Acid Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq). Plan I am going to investigate what happens when sodium thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid react. As I have done this experiment before I have a good understanding of what I need to so hopefully nothing will go wrong, also I will be going back to results and information I used before the experiment to make sure I am doing everything right. As I want to have a fair test, so that I get accurate results, I will make sure that all the main variables will stay the same all the way through the experiment, concentration of both solutions will be kept constant, as there is no gas the variable of pressure wont have an affect on this reaction, as I am using no solids the variable of suface area wont be a problem, and finally as I am not using a catalyst it wont have an effect on the reaction. As well as these things being important there is a more important aspect that I will need to take into account and that is my own safety, and the safety of my fellow pupils. To make sure I don’t endanger myself I will be using the following apparatus: 1 thermometer 1 beaker 2 measuring cylinders 1 conical flask 1 tripod 1 gauze 1 heatproof mat 1 stopwatch 1 Bunsen burner 1 pair of tongs 1 pair of goggles To make it easy to follow when drawing graphs and when logging my data I will be using a table similar to this:

Upper canopy tree cover in cocoa agroforestry system

Climate Change is one aspect or explanation of how the livelihood of farmers can be threatened. (Cocklebur, 2012) In Ghana, the climate has changed over the last years of which crops are getting destroyed due to periods of extreme heat and heavy rains. As Mambo and colleagues outline in their paper, climate change mitigation in Africa to date has largely focused on reforestation and forest protection. This has often conflicted with the need to expand agricultural production to feed the continent's growing population.But this need not be the case, says Mambo, as exaggerators may be able to deliver both on increasing tree cover to store carbon while also enhancing agricultural productivity. Cocoa cultivation maintains a higher proportions of upper canopy crown cover (cocoa exaggerators) which is increasingly being viewed as a sustainable land use practice that is environmentally preferable to other forms of agricultural activities in tropical forest regions because it contributes to bi odiversity conservation and income diversification.Properly managed cocoa exaggerators systems play a crucial role in helping farmers adapt and build resilience to uncertain climates. (Langford, 2014). Upper canopy trees can provide a buffer against climatic extremes that impact crop growth. They can enhance understood growth and improve water use efficiency. These trees have also been shown to increase rainfall utilization compared to annual cropping systems. And are known to have a direct impact on local and regional rainfall patterns, so they also have considerable potential to alleviate drought in parts of Africa. Mambo et. Al, 2014). The use of production landscapes in Ghana for cocoa reduction has intensified dramatically over the last three decades. (UNDO, 2014). This research will examine the evolution of the cocoa sector in Ghana primarily to understand the factors that have contributed to the success of the use of upper canopy crown cover and to look for lessons for foster ing agricultural transformation. The relatively dense forest that characterized the initial cultivation of cocoa in Ghana maintained the natural ecosystem suitable for cocoa growth.The District Administrative capital Jabots is located km to the north-west of Seconds Dictator Metropolitan, the regional capital and a distance of km from Kumara, the Shanty regional capital. The District shares borders with Bib and Sauna's North Municipal in the North, Sauna's South and Body District to the east, Seaman District to the south and La Cote divorce to the west. 1. . 2 Materials Materials needed for this study will include the following; Measuring tape; for measuring the length of trees, branches and crowns.Densitometers; for measuring of the diameters of trees and branches. Hypocrites for measuring tree height Releasers ; to determine the upper diameter of big trees Calipers, either wooden beam or finish parabolic will be used to measure tree diameters when the diameters are not over CACM. Compass; to check directions of NSA and EWE. Sampling intensity This study will be conducted in 12 cocoa farms in the vicinity of Bib district. These farms will be selected purposely base on the maturity of the cocoa exaggerators system practiced.The spread of that line is horizontal distance between those two positions. On steeply sloping ground (>1 5 degrees) the taped distance between the two points can be corrected to a true horizontal by using basic trigonometry. Horizontal distance = coos (inclination) x slope distance. The area of the crown may be estimated employing the assumption that is equivalent to the area off circle defined by an average crown diameter. The linear ape will be used to measure the length of crown margin in the direction of NSA, and EWE.The average may be obtained using arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum crown diameter. These equations will be used in determining the crown surface area and volume; Crown surface area; L/2 Crown volume; 2 hoc / 12 W here d = diameter at the base of the crown (m), hoc = crown depth (m), and L= length of crown margin (m). DATA ANALYSIS Data acquired from the sampling intensity will be analyzed using analytical software, GENERATE (VS. international version 2011). Species composition and crown diameters f trees will be compared using the analysis of variance and statistical test.

Ornette Coleman Paper Essay

Ornette Coleman is one of the most influential artists in jazz and considered an American icon and legend. There are not many musicians that emerge who dramatically changed the way we listen to music. Ornette Coleman was of the major innovators of free jazz as well as a great saxophonist and composer. Coleman’s bluesy, playful music revolutionized jazz by ignoring regular harmonies and rhythm. He even created his own theory â€Å"harmolodic† and applied it to rock instrumental in his group Prime Time. The musician’s new style helped to regenerate jazz by allowing for the genre to go into a new direction and be placed for his music to be placed in a group of major 20th century composers. This paper will discuss how Ornette Coleman borrowed from the world of jazz to influence concert hall compositions. Ornette Coleman was a revolutionary saxophone player who expanded contemporary boundaries of music. He gained those remarkable skills by teaching himself how to play saxophone at the age of 14 and by playing with musicians in local rhythm and blues bars while growing up in Fort Worth, Texas in the late 1940s and early ‘50s. Some of his legends include Charlie Parker and two local musicians in Fort Worth Ben Martin and Reed Connors. Coleman loved Charlie Parker and bebop and thought of it as the most advanced collective way of playing a melody and at the same time improvising. Parker taught Coleman many lessons especially about the quality of what he could play and knowing the audience (Ratliff 63). The musician decided to travel to L.A. and played in various establishments. He eventually made his way to New York with his first band having a good sense of melody and ideas of playing without any preconceived chord changes (Ratliff 55). People thought of him as a genius and others denounced him as a charlatan. His music was considered controversial for instance in his quartet th ey had no chordal instruments such as the piano. Listeners said his music was radically rejecting jazz traditions, but a few praised him and said the music was an extension of the historical practice (Martin,Waters). As he was traveling  in R&B jazz bands across the country, he switched back and forth between alto and tenor sax. Resistance was normal for Coleman, and he was use to being fired. In 1950, he wrote an unpublished book that deals with a theory that melody has nothing to do with harmony, chords, or key centers. In 1958, he formed his own band that was established on a mode of playing which no one player had the lead but anyone could come out and play at any time. Beginning in 1959, Coleman and his quartet went to New York and developed the concept of free jazz (George-Warren and Pareles). Free jazz and improvised music did away with any of the strict forms of jazz and classic music such as tonality, chord changes, formal shape and structure, etc. Coleman was put into the category along with Cecil Taylor and Albert Ayler, and they abolished the traditional hierarchy of instrumentation in jazz, classical rock, and pop allowing for any instrument to be equal in improvising. Many performers were encouraged by these individuals to go beyond the regular technique to develop â€Å"extended† techniques (Cox, Warner 252). Coleman’s group debut in New York was unlike anything anyone had ever heard. The bassist or drummer did not function in a conventional rhythm sense, and there was no piano to provide chordal harmonies. When Coleman played with his group, they did not have any idea what the end result would be. The group was even able to get the attention and approval from conductor-composer Leonard Bernstein and composer Virgil Thompson along with other writers and painters (Europe Jazz Network). Each player in his group contributed what he felt in the music at any moment, and each member is not told what to do but play what they hear in the piece themselves. He also stated that in a sense that there is no start or finish to any of his music, but there is a continued expression, continually evolving strands of thoughts that link all of his compositions together (Coxer, Warner 254). Other things that summarized Coleman’s style of music include: fragmented, pointed melodies, melodic connections based on motive structure and large-scale gestures and abstract relations among pitches, little or no use of conventional harmony and voice leading, but solos often have loose shifting tonal centers, variety of melodic rhythm, nasal insistent tone, loose rhythms, use of middle and upper range o n instrument, passionate expression, and deviation from standard intonation (Martin, Waters 271). Coleman started to explore different music possibilities by mixing and  extending elements of honky-tonk, blues, funk and bebop in areas of harmony, rhythm and the melodic structure. His musical styles alienated him from the jazz world that musicians walked off the stage when he showed up for a show. His new innovations later became known as â€Å"harmolodic†, which helped change jazz by pointing it in a direction away from the musical styles of bebop, but also established a place in a group of major 20th century composers such as Charlie Parker, Harry Partch, Charles Ives, and John Cage (Europe Jazz Network). From 1962 to 1965, Coleman withdrew himself from the spotlight and taught himself to play the trumpet and violin. He began to turn his attention to writing compositions for various musical forms such as woodwind quintets, chamber orchestras, string quartets, symphonic works and vocal works. This is the point in his life where his music began to affect the concert hall. The first public performance of one his pieces was the string quartet piece Dedicated to Poets and Writers. Performances of some of his works are scarce and have not been performed or recorded. The release of his two pieces Saints and Soldiers and Space Flight performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra cleared the way for his most famous piece Skies of America symphonic suite. The piece is scored for jazz ensemble and orchestra and debuted in 1972 at Newport in New York Festival and recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra (George-Warren and Pareles). This work stands as Coleman’s harmolodic manifesto. There are some themes that people can recognize. Coleman enters the scene halfway through the piece with his saxophone during â€Å"The Artist in America†. His modulations have a fresh, sometimes abrupt sound as a result of movement of the melody and the chords. There are a number of different c hord changes which are considered correct even though it does not sound correct. Throughout the piece the works of Charles Ives comes to mind with the jumble of melodies and heavy densities. The entire work introduced his â€Å"harmolody† theory in which harmonies, rhythms, and melodies function independently and equally (George-Warren and Pareles). The theory relates to the use of similar melodic material in different clefs and keys, producing a texture of predominately parallel motion (Martin, Waters 271). He wanted to be like famous musicians George Gershwin, Duke Ellington, and Charles Mingus so that he could help break down boundaries between â€Å"modern jazz† and â€Å"serious concert† music. Coleman translates his ability as an improviser into orchestral terms. With his  orchestral works, he was able to create a peculiar timbre and certain licks unlike any other composer writing orchestral works. During the 1970s Coleman’s musical horizons continued to expand. He formed the group Prime Time which incorporated rock and funk rh ythms and melodic fragments similar to R&B music along with its harmonic possibilities. The free jazz/classical composer now created dance music that combined elements of jazz, funk, R&B, and rock with an unusual mix of instruments two guitarists, two drummers, two bassists, Coleman on the sax, violin, and trumpet. This group’s music included multi-layered melodies, polytonal and polyrhythmic textures which were defined as harmolodics. This style shaped more music other than jazz, and Coleman’s music influenced affected many rock musicians during the 70s especially Frank Zappa (Europe Jazz Network). While Coleman influenced rock musicians, he continued to diversify his music and became interested in African cultures. He traveled throughout Africa with Prime Time and created a new album Dancing in Your Head featuring field recordings with the group while they were working with tribal musicians in Morocco. In the 1980s Coleman revised and completed Skies of America after being commissioned by Caravan of Dreams, an arts center that opened in his hometown of F ort Worth, Texas. Coleman continued to write for all instrumentation and group sizes. He continued compositions for the concert hall such as the Meet the Modern series and The Sacred Mind of Johnny Dolphin. His group Prime Time eventually mixed ac (Martin and Waters)oustic and electric instruments. In 1993, his most monumental recordings from Atlantic were released in a box set entitled Beauty Is a Rare Thing. He went on to be inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was featured by the New York Lincoln Center which hosted a festival of his works featuring a performance of the Skies of America by the New York Philharmonic and surviving members of his band Prime Time (Europe Jazz Network). One of the greatest jazz artist and composer of all time is Ornette Coleman who influenced music for the concert hall and popular music genres such as jazz and rock and roll. His music for the concert hall was innovative and creative as stayed true to his artistic style and capabilities. One of his most influential pieces for the concert hall was Skies of America which helped blend many different styles of music into an orchestral work. Individuals were influenced by his pioneering work in  creating free jazz and the use of improvisation styles as well as his newly created harmolodic theory. Coleman was not afraid to step out on the limb to perform and create music without boundaries and that did not follow the traditional Western theory practices. He did receive a lot of criticism for his approach but affected and changed many by his abilities. Bibliography Cox, Christoph and Daniel Warner. â€Å"Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music.† Change of the Century. New York: The Contiuum International Publishing Group, 2004. Europe Jazz Network Musicians . 20 February 2010 . George-Warren, Holly and Jon Pareles. â€Å"Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll.† Ornette Coleman. Boston: Simon & Schuster , 2001. Martin, Henry and Keith Waters. Jazz: the frst 100 years. Belmont: Thomas Schirmer, 2006. Music, The Jazz Ear: Conversations Over. â€Å"Ratliff, Ben.† I Know Who You Are Ornette Coleman. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2008.

Examine the Argument That Neighbourly Relations Essay

Neighbourly relations can be ordered and defined in a number of ways whether it is through certain identities or virtual social rules, created, maintained and repaired by people in groups with a situation in common or a relationship to act out in their everyday lives. This essay examines the relations, conflicts and differences that come with neighbourhood life both in the Uk and other countries where contradictions and the limits between what is seen as friendly and where invasive behaviour starts are an important part of ordinary, daily life. Last of all it will show how these relations can easily break down due to tensions caused by conflicts over noise and space where the division between private and public life is hard to define. When we speak about local residents we see them as having a collective or group identity with a particular situation in common, but they also have relational identities as neighbours with conflicting feelings of trust and suspiciousness. In addition people seem to behave in certain ways when they are part of a group as many researchers have discovered through studies on identity, one of these Tajfel cited in Taylor, 2009, p. 170, from his study found that if you tell people that they are part of a group this automatically influences the way they act. We often behave in ways which tell others who we are or how we want to be seen, a little like play acting, our daily lives become a stage on which we perform and relate to our public in social situations, as Ervin Goffman cited in Taylor, 2009, p. 72, found from his study in 1959 on everyday lives, society is a moving picture and identities are understood by looking at what people do rather than who they are. Furthermore a social identity is created through connections with others in different situations or places as we can find in neighbourhoods, by looking at the way people interact with each other and the sort of virtual, unwritten rules regarding privacy and friendsh ip that people abide by everyday. Stephanie Taylor, 2009, on pg. 173) seems to sum all this interaction up in just one short sentence; â€Å"social life proceeds rather like an endless slow dance†, and if we look at the discursive psychological approach that Jovan Byford (2009) uses to analyse a conversation he had with his neighbour, a perfect example of this dance is the way his neighbour tries to maintain a pattern of identity and typical behaviour of a how a ‘good’ neighbour should act. These patterns of behaviour and uses of identity are an essential part of maintaining and repairing order within certain groups or in society in general something which we have heard an example of in ‘Studying Identities’, 2009, track 1, when Professor Margaret Wetherall speaks about the studies carried out on conflicts of a segregated society in Ireland. She explains that the segregated groups had a stronger sense of community with less elaborate identities and social networks, but that this had a great impact on the levels of prejudice towards other groups. Neighbourly relations can be complicated and contradictive as there are two contrasting sides to this type of relationship, the first being that neighbours need to live together happily, be helpful and always be there when needed and the other is that they need to respect a person’s privacy and mind their own business. This is when the dancing partners need to keep an adequate distance from each other trying not to step on each other’s toes, and as (Jovan Byford, 2009, pg. 251) says â€Å"good fences make good neighbours†. This is particularly so with regards to the UK, Anthropologist Stanley Brandes cited in Byford, 2009, p. 59, from his study on social order in Becedas, Spain found the same kind of strong contradictions in rural life, but with a difference in how they acted and danced in their every day lives. He compared neighbourly relationships to the family and found that they feared privacy and saw it as being rude something which could be seen as a breath of fresh air from an English point of view, but these neighbours needed each other to survive and this closeness was seen as a form of surveillance and the necessity to lean on each other brought with it great suspicion, vulnerability and distrust. However there can be tensions in neighbourly relations causing them to break down, this can be for a series of reasons but mostly regarding space and noise when we talk about neighbourhoods. Disputes can arise through people stepping over unwritten, social or group boundaries and if the two sides are unable to repair or settle their dispute then a mediator is often introduced to try and stop the case getting out of control and ending up in court. Elizabeth Stokoe, cited in Byford, 2009, p. 264, in 2006 examined cases of complaints about sexual intercourse and found that people didn’t really want to complain as they were afraid of invading a person’s private life, but at the same time they believed that private activities should be kept private. Another example of tensions between neighbours is a study done by Joanna Bourke, cited in Byford, 2009, p. 66, in 1994 on the noise in overcrowded working-class housing in the 1940/50s, and here too we can see that residents took measures to distance themselves from their neighbours like placing their bed on the other side of the room to try and resolve and repair the conflict that could or had already arisen. In conclusion we can say that the fine line between what is seen as a friendly or intrusive neighbour is very difficult to decipher, and we are continuously dancing with each other throughout life to find the right balance, so finally we can say that neighbourly rel ations are definitely characterized by a friendly distance.

Federalism In Political Culture Essays - Political Systems

Federalism In Political Culture Essays - Political Systems Federalism In Political Culture The Significance of Federalism in Political Culture The United States government is constructed of many systems and ideas which, when bound together, create the Democratic government utilized by the country. All of the different things, in most cases compliment each other and therefore, work together. Two examples of this are the system of federalism and the idea of political culture. They make up some of the important aspects of the government and its operation. Federalism is the system the United States uses as a frame for its government's power distribution when it comes to policies, procedures, and the likes. It is what maintains the power between the different levels of government, be it the National, state, or local governments. It also defines and separates these power possessors, while protecting the rights and profits of each. There are many opinions and theories concerning the success of such a system, depending on a person's outlook on the subject. However, despite its pros and cons, it can be said that if nothing else, it at least gets more citizens involved in politics. That is a important aspect that it brings, especially when it is tied to political culture. Political culture is a particular way of thinking in regard to how political and economic life ought to be carried out by a country's government. These notions may not always be shared by the country as a whole. There will always be different ideas, which leads to political subcultures. Depending on the situations of each person and each community, they will have their own beliefs in how the government should be doing things. Specific things that are taken into consideration when it comes to political culture are liberty, equality, civic duty, individual responsibility, and democracy. Federalism is the system that political culture works within. They flatter each other in that federalism gives political culture an outlet to be heard and to be useful and political culture gives federalism a means of success. In many other systems of government, political culture is obsolete because the people's ideas are not often taken into consideration as they are with Federalism. Without political culture, the idea of federalism is, in a way defeated. It is put there for the poeple and if those people do not hold an opinion and voice it, Federalism has a hard time serving its purpose of aiding its poeple. They work well hand in hand, more so than they would alone. Together, federalism and political culture make for a more successful government in the United States. In a way, the thrive off of each other and both highly depend on the country's poeple and their responsibility to take action. The representative government that the United States has relies on these sort of things. They are a significant piece of the puzzle that is called a government. Bibliography none

Violence and Music essays

Violence and Music essays All music is not bad. Every so often a tragedy occurs in our country where a teenager or child is involved. These events, such as shootings or bombings are viewed often as the result of the young person being troubled or just plain violent. More commonly, a child is seen doing something bad or hurtful, but what triggers this violence? Is it the way the kid was brought up, or was it an outside cause? Many professionals believe that the source of the problem comes directly from the music kids listen to. Hard rock, metal, industrial, rap, and every other type of music that contains rough language and/or fast tempos are believed to be the main cause of violence in youth today. However, my argument refutes this theory. I believe that music, although it may bring out some feelings and emotions, certainly does not initiate violent behavior amongst our youth. Artist such as Will Smith make songs dealing with movies such as Men In Black and ild Wild West or songs dealing with fun and family such as Getting Jiggy With It and Just the Two of Us. Will Smith does not use profanity in none of his music, he announced this when receiving an award at the MTV Awards one year, and he doesnt provoke violence. Rap artist Lil Kim and R and B diva Faith Evans had beef but they didnt go violent with it. Kim was Notorious B.I.G.s protg while he was married to Evans. Kim was quite proud of her affair with Biggie, and she raps in the song Hold On featuring Mary J. Blige: He was my nigga and I was his bitch/ Had beef with his wife that aint patched up yet/ But I got love for your kids/ I put em in my will. And the point there is Evans didnt get upset with the lyrics and want to fight, she let it ride. Nelly, a rap artist, had beef with artist KRS One and it didnt lead to a violent nature. They had some misunderstanding with lyrics but they worked ...

A List of 50 Most Popular Expository Essay Writing Topics

A List of 50 Most Popular Expository Essay Writing Topics Look through the list of 50 best expository essay topics to choose one for your expository writing. If you are assigned to write an expository essay youll definitely need to get to know the main expository writing promps. Weve published a series of articles on the theme of expository writing: What Is an Expository Essay? 6 Steps of Expository Essay Writing Expository Essay Sample And below youll find a list of 50 most popular expository topics: Expository Essay Topics: Restaurant McDonalds uses pink slime mixture in Chicken McNuggets product McDonalds washing beef with ammonia solution Subway says Eat Fresh but doesnt slice their meat in-store Olive Garden uses bagged salad mixes and not fresh products for their signature salad Why do pizza chains, like Pizza Hut, use dough that comes in frozen? Taco Bells ground beef is actually only 35% meat Fast food chains charging $0.30 for a slice of tomato on a sandwich Fast food chains overcharging for substitutions such as sauce changes, adding cheese or extra sauces/veggies Expository Essay Topics: Politics Social Security will be obsolete by the time Generation X is old enough to retire Obama Care is still not affordable Government hides full details of the financial status of the country National news networks attack the government for answers with no replies Is the security of the nation really being protected? Is forcing health insurance on citizens actually legal? For those that cannot afford health insurance, is putting them in jail or fining them really the right answer? Why is the US Government unable to allow other countries to fend for themselves? Do the taxes you pay really go toward benefitting the country or just to satisfy the financial hardships of a mismanaged governmental system? Why are those without children forced to pay school taxes in the city they reside in? Why do states force residents to pay taxes in both the city they live in and the city they work in? Why does the Government cover up its mishaps instead of informing the public of the flaws? Tea party demonstrators’ protest only for the media attention The Government is failing by not being financially stable to support those that were injured serving the country Government agencies are protected from the law Expository Essay Topics: Medicine Health Insurance companies cannot deny you but that doesnt mean you can afford coverage How much does it really cost a doctor to spend 10 minutes with a patient for an office visit? Why are Emergency Room visits so expensive even for minor visits where no tests are done? Do you check your hospital bill? Many items are double billed. Does every misdiagnosis deserve a lawsuit? Is Fibromyalgia really a disease? Why are patients without insurance treated differently at hospitals than those with insurance? The hypocritical oath that doctors have to take does not apply to how patients are really treated Herbal supplements are used as pads for companies to profit without FDA studies being conducted Doctors push certain medications to increase profits for certain pharmaceutical companies Expository Essay Topics: Celebrities Paula Deen uses racial slur years ago and gets scrutinized and dropped by sponsors Justin Bieber plays a birthday song in the nude in front of an elderly person Celebrity crimes and why celebrities get lesser penalties Why are celebrities given lesser sentences for repeat crimes? Celebrities are offered options regarding punishments for crime that regular offenders are not Miley Cyrus and her change in personality The Cyrus family is in the middle of major controversy since with the pending divorce The real reason Jason Aldean chose to leave his wife and their previous marital problems What is the real reason that Lady Gaga dresses the way she does? Is it really for the attention? Is being a celebrity really all its cracked up to be? What life is really like with mass media attention Expository Essay Topics: General Issues Police officers do not follow the traffic laws they enforce Court systems in America are not hard on deadbeat mothers Dads seeking custody of children are denied more often than not even when mothers are dangers to their children Social Security is paid to those without real ailments, such as unprovable chronic migraines The elderly are living poorer in this decade than in the last century DUI offenders have rights, and why this is false Why do those that have committed serious or vile crimes serve less time than a violator of probation If you are working on an expository essay and found no topic that matches your needs in our list expository essay topics, we will help you to select the topic you require and work on it. Our support staff will assign you a writer with a suitable background and experience, which will result in a paper that is properly written and formatted.  Place your order  to start working with our essay writing service.

positin paper essays

positin paper essays There are new discoveries in science every day. There are so many of them that its hard to decide which ones to actually concern ourselves with. Is it right to just be oblivious to all of the scientific goings on that are happening around us? No it isnt at all. We should all be educated to an extent, especially when it comes to things like diseases that run in our families, or scientific discoveries that happen close to home, or even if there have been new findings in the food that we are eating every day. Cancer is one of the largest diseases in the world. So many people die from it every day and now, just about anything and everything causes or helps to cause at least one kind of cancer. There have been discoveries that even cell phones can cause certain types of cancer as well as abortion, being on the birth control pill, eating to much red meat, not having enough calcium, and even wearing a bra that doesnt fit properly . Now if a certain type of cancer runs in your family then you should be aware of the factors, but if it doesnt then you dont have to be as careful, though smoking two packs a day will still contribute to cancer whether it runs in the family or not. A big story that has been in the Canadian news recently is the one about the mosquitoes in Southern Ontario that were found to be carrying the West Nile Virus . This story is a little to close for comfort for me but there are two different approaches to take towards it. You can go about your daily routines and be aware of the mosquitoes, or you can lock yourself in your home until they are gone for good. Some people will take the whole thing to seriously and become paranoid while others will educate themselves about the issue but still live life. So you dont have to be ignorant, but you also dont have to be completely paranoid. Finally there is the big issue of genetically modified food. Personally I hav ...

Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essays

Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essays Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essay Person-Centred Therapy Essay Essay Essay Topic: Rogerian Person-centred therapy ( besides referred to as Rogerian Psychology ) is the psychological method founded by the humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers. It is centred on the thought that the person has tremendous potency for understanding themselves and hence is best placed in the resolution of their ain issues without any direct ejaculations from the healer. Hence the therapy revolves around the person as the booster and designer of their ain ego alteration ( Corey. 2009 ) . So it would be pertinent to state that one`s ego construct is of great accent in this therapy and therefore is defined as the personal perceptual experiences one believes about themselves ( Rogers. 2003 ) . The therapy furthermore provinces that all of us have the capacity for growing towards fulfillment of our life`s wants and aspirations. That being said. it is of extreme importance that the healer provides a comfy menace free environment for the person. as to take down their guard. to do it easier for them to tr uly accept who they are as effectual personal growing occurs through minimised defensiveness ( Mearns A ; Thorne. 2007 ) . If the aforesaid life aspirations. potencies and fulfillments are so reached this is referred to as self realization and it is the strong belief of this therapy that this inclination is the one indispensable motivation driving all of us. If this inclination is promoted and helped along. the individual will boom and develop and get down populating what they term â€Å"the good life† . * Behavioural Therapies* Psychoanalytical and Psychodynamic Therapies* Humanistic TherapiesPerson Centred guidance was based around three nucleus conditions. devised by Rogers ;1. Unconditional Positive Regard2. Genuineness/Congruence3. Empathy It is considered indispensable for all counselors to expose these properties and to systematically supply these to each client irrespective of circumstance. The Person Centred attack views the client as their ain best authorization on their ain experience. and it views the client as being to the full capable of carry throughing their ain potency for growing. It recognizes. nevertheless. that accomplishing possible requires favorable conditions and that under inauspicious conditions. persons may good non turn and develop in the ways that they otherwise could. In peculiar. when persons are denied credence and positive respect from others. or when that positive respect is made conditional upon the single behaving in peculiar ways they may get down to lose touch with what their ain experience agencies for them. and their innate inclination to turn in a way consistent with that significance may be stifled. This does offer a alone position for both client and healer to let an unlocking of the client’s echt ego. The premiss of this theory is that human existences are innately good and given free chance they will endeavor for goodness. further reaffirming the nucleus conditions. If we believe that worlds are good. we should ever be able to provide unconditioned positive respect. congruity and empathy. The function that theory dramas in the procedure and result of guidance has been a topic of treatment. for about every bit long as guidance has been a profession. While schools of therapy have argued that different theories produce differing and nonequivalent results. this place has been challenged on legion occasions. Fiedler ( 1951 ) foremost observed that healers of differing orientations were really similar in their positions of the â€Å"ideal therapy. † Then Sundland and Barker ( 1962 ) reported that more experient healers tended to be more similar. regardless of their theoretical orientation. In their extended reappraisal of the topic. Gelso and Carter ( 1985 ) stated that â€Å"m ost clients will gain about every bit ( but in different ways ) from the different therapies† . They go on to propose that the consequence of procedure and relationship do differ among therapies and that some clients may make better with one attack than with another. based upon these two factors. Finally. Stiles. Shapiro and Elliott ( 1986 ) concluded that â€Å" ( a ) common characteristics shared by all psychotherapeuticss underlie or override differences in therapists’ verbal techniques and ( B ) these common characteristics are responsible for the general equality in effectivity ( of therapies ) † . Process and relationship possibly considered every bit relevant as theoretical conceptualization of a given job. One can presume that a guidance procedure must be structured for each client irrespective of what theory you adhere to. The work of Rogers does make this by utilizing the nucleus conditions. nevertheless ; arguably less so than other theories due to a deficiency of distinguishable ‘techniques’ . Hough et al lend the following for a successfu l guidance relationship to happen ; 1. Establish a safe. swearing environment – as outlined by Carl Rogers making a relationship with the client which is in line with the nucleus conditions. 2. Clarify: Help the individual put their concern into words. As the individual centred attack maintains this is how a client would be assisted by being preponderantly speaking and the counselor largely listening. 3. Use Active hearing: happen out the client’s docket. what do they trust to accomplish by coming for reding. a ) Paraphrase. summarise. reflect and construe – To guarantee that there is a greater apprehension of what the client is seeking to state. B ) Focus on feelings. non events – guidance is covering with emotional and mental wellness. so it is of import to unravel the feelings instead than to plane over them. like a layman would make. 4. Transform job statements into end statements – allow the client to picture a program towards achieving their end. 5. Explore possible attacks to end. to narrow and consider their picks. 6. Help individual take one manner towards their end which is executable. 7. Make a contract to carry through the program ( or to take the following measure ) . 8. Summarize what has occurred. clarify. and acquire confirmation from the client that this is still their end. 9. Get feedback and verification that the end remains as earlie r. Ultimately as with all the Counselling paradigms it is cardinal to enable the client to derive control of their ain life and make their ain decisions. The chief paradigms underpin the procedures of reding normally. nevertheless ; the lesser known theoretical accounts are besides used. If this can be agreed upon. this might propose that the Person centred attack does carry through the demands of a healer when naming a job and making a program where they are guided but the content is filled by the client. The Person Centred attack besides gave rise to the construct of ‘The Organismic Self’ ; a province which is considered to genuinely be integral for a short infinite of clip. in basic footings this is a form of our pure selves. being precisely as we are without external influence. This theory tracks our human experience and maintains that this shortly becomes corrupted by what is called the ‘Self Concept’ . Self Concept is the term given to explicate outside influences on the Organismic Self. It could be said that the conflict between who we genuinely are as people and what the universe and important people around us feel we should be is what causes us to experience lost. If we think of the Organismic Self as being at one with ourselves and experiencing that who we are. what we do and our general feeling of interior harmoniousness as being comfy. the opposite is true of the Self Concept. this is by and large a feeling of clumsiness. feeling lost. unreal and can ensue in ulterior life as a crisis. Humanist attacks in general are concerned with subjects which are meaningful to human existences which makes it particularly good as a theory for reding. Humanist attacks are besides considerate of subjective experience and unpredictable events which occur in human lives. Does this so suggest that the Person centred attack is flexible and allows the healer to turn to all affairs which may originate instead than. relatively utilizing a CBT ( Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ) attack which focusses entirely on the present. As a complex of the Person centred attack and general Humanistic theories. it is of import to admit the construct of ‘Self Actualisation’ . The phrase was foremost coined by Kurt Goldstein. but is possibly better known as associated with Abraham Maslow and his Hierarchy Of Needs and is defined as below ; â€Å"†¦ . the desire for self-realization. viz. the inclination for him [ the single ] to go actualised in what he is potentially. This inclination might be phrased as the desire to go more and more what one is. to go everything that one is capable of going. † In mention to his Hierarchy of Needs theory. Maslow advised that merely 1 % of all people are self-actualised which would deduce the demand for reding aid to be great. As mentioned above the flexibleness of this attack may be deemed to let healers to handle a huge figure of clients. as the turning demand for reding emerges. The non-intrusive nature of the therapy a the comparatively comfy set-up of the guidance Sessionss within the Person Centred attack highlights how easy it is to use this attack practically. We surely know of the efficaciousness of the Person Centred attack. in its comtinued usage in modern twenty-four hours therapy. nevertheless ; we must see the strengths of other presently used attacks to exemplify where the Person Centred attack could better. I have chosen to utilize the Psychodynamic attack to research this. One of the strengths of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it provided a valuable penetration into how early experiences or relationships can impact our grownup personality. One of the illustrations of this is that arrested developments can be caused at the Oral Stage of psychosexual development such as being separated from the primary health professional excessively early. These arrested developments can so take to psychological jobs. Supporting grounds for this strength was carried out by Jacobs at Al ( 1966 ) utilizing Rorschach inkblots to compare the orality of tobacco users and non-smokers. It was found that tobacco users emerged as being significantly more unwritten. Another strength of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it is the first attack to seek and try to explicate mental unwellness in psychological footings and has had an tremendous influence on the apprehension and intervention of mental upsets. An illustration of this is Psychoanalysis and Dream Therapy which aims to do the unconscious stuff witting so it is easier to cover with as Freud believed that dreams showed our concealed desires. Evidence to back up this was carried out by Sandell ( 1999 ) who studied the symptoms of more than 700 patients before and after three old ages of depth psychology and found that patients had significantly fewer symptoms after the therapy. The Psychodynamic Approach besides displays failings. in that most of Freud’s is based on findings of instance surveies. and anecdotal mentions where instances are frequently alone and there are jobs with generalization. Like the Psychodynamic Approach. the Person Centred attack does non disregard the importance of historical and childhood events. This is highlignhted in their subtheory ‘Conditions of worth’ which are defined as ‘restrictions imposed on self-expression in order to gain positive regard’ . which are non in and of themselves a bad thing. nevertheless ; it is possible for these conditions to be overused that they can get down to be a job. For illustration a kid will seek to fulfill the status of worth imposed by their parents ; without gaining. parents may make more complex conditions for deriving their attending. As kids grow they learn a new set of regulations for deriving attending. the best forecaster of effect for behaviour is past experience. As such a kid may larn that to have congratulations from their Father is to acquire good consequences at school or fall in the football squad. From another position. a kid may larn that they get more attending when th ey fail at something or are experiencing sad. as opposed to when they are successful and happy. They may besides happen that they are surrounded by more friends. more frequently when they behave in a peculiar manner or indulge in peculiar activities that are ‘acceptable’ . By the clip an single reaches their teenage old ages. most people have a complex system of regulations to stay by if we want to have love. congratulations and positive respect from others. Slowly this system of conditions of worth works its manner into a person’s overall manner of sing the universe they live in. They adopt these conditions as their ain values. barricading out the true organismal values that comprise who they truly are. As their existent ego is blocked out by this adoptive system of values. incongruence consequences. The regulations for love and positive respect lead them to populate a different life. a life incongruent with who they truly are. a life that does non fulfill all their other demands and tragically. frequently doesn’t even genuinely satisfy their demand for positive respect. Due to this. people can go unhappy. dying and down. but frequently they merely try to revise and alter the conditions they are utilizing for positive respect. They may alter their veneer. but non the root of the job. They merely shift the contents of their complex system of worth instead than paring it back and exposing their existent. true values. It’s this latter province that Person Centred therapy seeks to make. leting the counselor to merely seek to take any conditions of worth from their relationship with the client. They offer merely unconditioned positive respect. This creates an environment in which a little cleft is placed in the person’s overarching system of conditional worth. In such an environment the individual can get down to admit and understand what it is they genuinely want and need. These values are ever seeking to be heard. but are blocked out by our complex set of concepts we use to seek to derive conditional positive respect. Person centred therapy merely creates a topographic point where this system is pushed back. and one’s true values can emerge. A individual is so free to see who he is and what he wants. without the menace of a loss of positive respect. No affair what is said. he can anticipate unconditioned respect. Overall this subtheory shows a consistence throughout the Person Centred attack. binding the chief premiss of the nucleus conditions to the manner in which each client is treated. To reason my appraisal of the utility and effectivity of the Person Centred Therapy. I hope to hold demonstrated my current degree of understanding sing this topic and illustrated how it can be used practically. It is clear that the current and uninterrupted widespread usage of the Person-Centred attack attests for its effectivity in pattern. It is good and justified to ever concentrate on the client and their journey through whatever jobs they are confronting and this peculiar attack maintains the healer in making so. I believe that the most effectual method of handling patients is that adopted by Chrysalis. a multidiscipline attack. whereby one can amend the tool used based upon the presented job. MentionsWeb sites ;hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bapca. org. uk/hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Person-centered_therapyhypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-actualizationhypertext transfer protocol: //wiki. replies. com/Q/What_is_organismic_selfhypertext transfer protocol: //www. person-centered-therapy. com/conditions-of-worth/Texts ;Edward L. Deci. Richard M. Ryan ( 1985 ) Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour ; Springer Publishing.

Homologous and Analogous Structures Whats the Difference

Homologous and Analogous Structures What's the Difference SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you ever thought about how different kinds of animals have body parts that work in similar ways? Like bats and bees? Both creatures have wings - even though their bodies are structured very differently. The key to understanding these differences lies in knowing what homologous and analogous structures are. In this article, we'll talk about each type of structure and discuss the similarities and differences between them. What Are Homologous Structures? Homologous structures are similar structures in related organisms. The most important thing to remember about homologous structures is that they share common ancestry. In other words, only organisms that are somehow related to each other can have homologous structures. For example, a chimpanzee’s arm and a human’s arm are homologous structures. Both sets of arms have a similar structure and use and chimpanzees and humans share a common ancestor. What Are Analogous Structures? Analogous structures are similar structures in unrelated organisms. These structures are similar because they do the same job, not because they share common ancestry. For example, dolphins and sharks both have fins, even though they aren’t related. Both species developed fins because of how (and where) they live. What’s the Difference Between Homologous and Analogous Structures? Homologous and analogous structures have several key differences. Let’s take a look at them: Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Shared ancestry Similar internal structure May look different externally No shared ancestry Similar function May look similar externally Homologous Structures Example A great example of homologous structures are the wings of a bat and the arms of a human. Bats and humans are both mammals, so they share a common ancestry. Both a bat’s wing and a human’s arm share a similar internal bone structure, even though they look very different externally. The wing and the arm also perform different functions - wings help bats fly, while arms help humans interact with their world in a very different way. Analogous Structures Example A great example of analogous structures are a bat’s wing and a bee’s wing. Bats and bees do not share common ancestry, so the structures cannot be homologous. Both bat wings and bee wings serve a common purpose - helping bats and bees fly! The structures look similar on the outside, too. However, their internal structures are very different - bat wings have a bony structure with muscles, while bee wings are membranous extensions. Homologous and Analogous Structures - Key Takeaways Many animals have body parts that look similar, even though they don’t share common functionality. Other animals have body parts that look totally different, but have a shared background. Here’s the difference between homologous and analogous structures: Homologous structures are structures that may look or function differently from related organisms. Analogous structures are structures that look and function similarly from unrelated organisms. What’s Next? Currently taking Biology and need help with other bio topics? Learn about photosynthesis, enzymes, cell theory, and what and how the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum work. Are youconsideringtaking the SAT subject testsin a subject like biology? Make sure you get the inside information onthe testbefore you make your decision. If you’re a freshman, sophomore, or junior, you might consider adding AP classes to your schedule. Here’s a complete list of AP courses and tests to help you choose classes that are perfect for you. Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered!Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

Crito Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crito Questions - Essay Example He also feel that it would be a shameful thing for Socrates to be publicly executed because he is no criminal. His other premise is that it is Socrates right to escape, in fact his duty since he has clearly been unjustly accused and imprisoned. Ans 2)Socrates had been imprisoned by the very people whom he was trying to help and educate. Although Socrates never believed that he was wise(one of his most famous quotes reflects this modesty) he had a method of cross questioning which became very famous because it destroyed the arguments that men gave in response to the questions he put to them. Although Socrates became very popular amongst a very powerful segment of Athenian society his tendency to question every thing including Athenian democracy won him the displeasure of many at the helm. According to an article written by Megan Worley three figures were specifically important in bringing the charges against Socrates, these were Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon. Ans 3) Winston Churchill was head of state for Great Britain at a very painful time in Europe’s history and he had to make a series of tough decisions. He is known for his inspirational leadership, and courageous decision making. I am of the opinion that both these men valued truth, dignity, awareness and justice, however Winston Churchill’s position as leader puts him in a decision where perhaps safety and victory for Britain is more important than truth and dignity. Although Socrates has developed a powerful following in Athens he does not have any nor does he apparently seek any political power. He does not feel responsible for leading Athens and this in a way leaves him free to make what he believes to be the morally right decision something that perhaps Winston Churchill did not have. Logos-‘Then, my friend, we must not regard what the many say of us: but what he, the one man who has

Summary chapter 29-history Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary chapter 29-history - Term Paper Example He continues Kenney’s foreign policy especially in Vietnam. The Warren Court expanded freedom of expression, separated church from state, and increased protection to the accused. In the Yates case, the court released the members of the Communists party who advocated the overthrow of the American government following their rhetoric that actions, not words, constitute a crime. In the 60’s court issued many orders on criminal justice decisions and declared a right to an attorney to all defendants. Warren Court’s decision to separate church from state angered many and it was considered to be doing a poor job but for minorities outside the mainstream, Court remained a valuable ally. Kennedy’s candidacy and Viva Kenney movement gave hope to the minorities, especially Hispanics and Latinos. Johnson soon became popular among the minorities by appointing several Mexican Americans to the administration but it by 1966 his popularity vanished. Most of the Mexican Americans still felt ignored especially in the West and Southwest. They started taking more direct actions. By the mid 60’s the Puerto Rican population had increased to about a million. They attempted to coordinate federal grants and find jobs while the younger ones were being organized by the militant lords in Chicago and New York. For most Mexican Americans the key issue was education, jobs and wages. Their children were still being barred from decent education and demanded better education opportunities for Hispanics along with special programs to meet their special needs such as bilingual education. Raul Ruiz organized Mexican student in Los Angeles in 1969 and encouraged them to demand thei r rights. Walkouts spread in California and Texas. In 1968, Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act was passed approving bilingual education. Cries for dignity, better work conditions and living wage were also heard. In 1962, Cesar Chavez created the

The Odyssey, by Homer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Odyssey, by Homer - Essay Example This is certainly something Telemachus would do later on in the story when he would help Odysseus not only defeat the suitors but also show himself to be a good son. The irony in the passage comes across quite clearly when we realize that Achilles was indeed the mightiest of warriors and essentially had god like qualities of strength and bravery. However, in death he is little more than a weak spirit who is helpless to assist his father or even to know how his son is doing. The finality of death and of losing your abilities which you had once is an allusion to how mortality is perhaps is the ultimate answer to hubris as all living humans, regardless of their strength, abilities or heroics, must die. The external connections of this passage are varied and many since they not only describe the parentage of Achilles, they also discuss his progeny. Achilles is noted by Odysseus to have been quite a hero who was revered as much as the gods themselves. The passage also reminds us that Odysseus has not yet reached home which is the seemingly never-ending quest he is engaged in. Rugged Ithaca eludes him as much as the news about the son of Achilles eludes Achilles. Thus the passage certainly refers to earlier parts of the same tale while pushing the idea that Achilles is an important character in some other story. That story of course is the Iliad which is a part of the greater tale of the Battle of Troy itself. It also shows the great respect that Odysseus had for Achilles since even after his death Odysseus considers Achilles to be a prince amongst the dead. The most moving element of the entire passage is that even though Achilles is dead, he does not want to be so since he has lost all that he had and the realm of the dead has nothing to offer him. Moreover, his lack of information about his lordly son and even his dear father certainly troubles him since he does not know if his father has managed to keep a hold of the empire he had or if he has lost it

Ornament in Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ornament in Architecture - Essay Example Ornament application is one means that may be applied to a building to increase its general outlook, but it may not be the only measure. Sullivan believes that a building without ornaments may be made to look beautiful by using other measures, but the application of ornament decoration may certainly add to its beauty value (Sullivan, 188). This paper seeks to explain the importance of ornaments in architecture and argue whether the entity adds a noticeable value or may be ignored. Ornaments in architecture The incorporation of ornaments in a building as part of its composition may add substantial value upon its perception as beautiful architecture. The careful selection of the mode of design applied matters to its overall composition as compared to the random placement of the ornaments in the structure. Sullivan quotes that both the structure and the ornament benefit from the careful placement of the entities as they strive towards achieving the goal of defining their overall purpose (Sullivan, 189). The careful application of the ornament on the structure should adhere to its structural composition. It should appear that the ornament decorating the building is incorporated as a composition towards the overall physical appearance rather that an addition forced later to improve its look. The ornament contributes significantly towards the total composition of the structure and adds to the beauty quality of the structure, making it a structural material and an additive. â€Å"They are no longer two things but one thing,† (Sullivan, 189). Not all ornaments would look appropriate in a structure. There are definite ornaments to be included in a particular architectural work, and they define the purpose properly if their use is carefully planned. It would look inappropriate and even destroy the beauty of the final architectural structure when little planning is incorporated towards the final composition. Each building possesses a set of ornaments that would app ear appropriate in highlighting the decorative aspect of the ornament. Current implications of ornaments that are successfully incorporated in the buildings are evident in America where buildings shine to give them a definite presentation. There is an overall function of making the building stand out from the surrounding structures, and involve a functional addition of explaining the structure especially if it is viewed for the first time. The picture that is normally instilled within an individual’s mind would involve the critic that revolves around the work of art, and the definition t possesses on the mind of the society. Simply put, the definition derived from an entity according to the majority would be upheld as the proper symbol that relates to the entity. In Loos’ book, Ornament and crime, he states that the tattoo among the Papuan tribe was a body decoration and an ornament applied to most of their necessities, but in the modern society, it is criminals that b ear the mark that are in tattoo form (Loos, 29). Objects that possess ornaments are cherished, but those without this additional entity are easily discarded and forgotten by the society (Loos, 30). He further gives the explanation that those objects in the dumpsters with ornaments are picked and cleaned to be displayed as valuable entities. However, Loos argues that individuals have learnt to overlook the concepts of beauty

Global Environmental Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Environmental Issues - Essay Example US Company such as Exide Technologies export used batteries to Mexico for secondary melting. These batteries mostly contain lead. Through recycling, lead is useful. Unfortunately, lead exposure has severe effects to the health of the workers as well as the environment (Pistoia, Wiaux and Wolsky, 2014). The Exide Technologies exports lead to Mexico due to the low cost of recycling. These prompts many companies to export lead to Mexico. This brings many environmental issues. There is a difference in the regulations between US and Mexico. This leads to the question if US companies are acting in a socially and ethical way. Five environmental issues arise in these scenarios. It is unethical for US companies pollute the environment and the surrounding in order to save money (Mitchell, 2009). Ethical dilemma arises due the inferior environmental regulations in the host nations as compared to the home nation. Global climate change is an issue affecting all the nations. Resources held common by all, owned by no one are sustainable to degradation. Degradation comes by nations moving productions to low cost areas and pumping pollutants into the environment, this harms global commons. The question here is whether it is legal or ethical to carry out these activities. Lead is a poisonous gas, which is hazardous to the environment. This perspective of the US being unethical can probably say that U.S. companies should follow proper safety procedures regardless of whether they are mandated by law. Consequently, there should be an agreement between the two countries that will commit both nations to equivalent environmental regulations to avoid development of polluta nts harmful to the environment. Furthermore, a regulatory framework can be established in Mexico to close the gap in the environment performance and accurate data on performance be made available to the public, this data can include air

Intoruction to Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intoruction to Islam - Essay Example The predominant language is English (even if it wasn’t always so historically) and the politics of the region are strongly democratic. People in the West won’t specify a religion because that is a personal choice and that choice for the most part is respected in law and in culture. This is where the second challenge comes in. If all Muslims for example lived in one country – like Australia for example, then they might be perceived as a strangely unique culture that lives â€Å"over there†. The problem is that one of the central tenets of Islam is that they should be respectful of other religious beliefs. This has meant that over the centuries there are Muslims in virtually every corner of the world – historically they are traders; they seek to educate and to learn from others, and now as Ernst explains they are the predominant population in more than 50 nations. That means a huge diversity of cultures and this makes it harder for us here in the West to understand the Muslims as a religion when they live â€Å"over there† and â€Å"next

Introduction to Forensic Archaeology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Introduction to Forensic Archaeology - Essay Example To succeed, the archaeological techniques used had to meet the requirements of forensic exhumation. The Sri Lankan and the Rwandese cases are just a few of the cases in which the importance of archaeological methods in mass grave excavation and exhumation are confirmed. It is clearly evident that forensic investigations of mass graves largely benefits from archaeology and soil studies (Aldenderfer & Maschner, 1996). Archaeological knowledge has been identified to be particularly useful in the identification and location of mass graves as well as in the collection of human remains (Lieberman, 1991). In all these processes, keenness is highly valued so that artifacts are clearly collected and recorded without damages (Barker, 1993). Essentially, forensic archaeology refers to the use of archaeological tools, methods and techniques in identifying, gathering, synthesizing and analysing evidences for legal and investigation purposes (Connor, 2007). In most cases, archaeologists are hired to help investigators identify potential or suspected mass graves. In this identification of mass grave sites, geophysical and geological techniques are often applied in the assessing, documenting, mapping of scenes, excavation of artefacts and remains and in the reporting of findings (Gifford-Gonzalez, 1985). The key targeted areas in which forensic archaeology is applied include clandestine burial sites and buried artefacts, which help be useful in criminal investigations (Canter, 1994). These items could be victims’ personal belongings or murder weapons (Westman, 1994). There are several detection and excavation techniques that forensic archaeology applies in locating burial mass graves and other sites of interest (Hunte r & Cox, 2005). There are two main reasons mass grave excavation is normally done; to provide information for human rights work and for forensic medico-legal investigations (Pedeli